Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) describes a wide range of neuro-developmental disorders that can cause significant social, behavioural and communication challenges. Some people with ASD have difficulties with verbal communication, while others may have difficulties with nonverbal communication. ASD begins in early childhood and can continue throughout life. The term “spectrum” is used to describe the wide range of symptoms, severity, and abilities that people with ASD can experience.
What causes ASD?
The exact cause of ASD is not known, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Research has identified several genes that are associated with an increased risk of ASD. Children who have a sibling with ASD and those who are born to older parents are also at increased risk of developing ASD. Studies have also found that certain environmental factors, such as prenatal exposure to certain toxins, can increase the risk of developing the disorder.
The Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR) vaccine does NOT cause ASD. The first dose of the MMR vaccine is given between 12 and 15 months of age and ASD is often diagnosed between 18 and 30 months of age. This timing has led some to believe that the MMR vaccine causes ASD. However, ASD starts before a baby is born and before the signs of developmental delays, usually around 2 years old, are apparent.
Other people think the MMR vaccine causes ASD because of a 1998 study published in the Lancet, which received significant publicity. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that since being published, 10 of the 13 authors have withdrawn their support of the study, the lead author of the study was found guilty of professional misconduct, the Lancet retracted the 1998 article, and the lead author lost his license to practice medicine in the United Kingdom. According to the CDC, more than 20 reputable scientific studies have been completed comparing thousands of children and a relationship between the MMR vaccine and ASD has not been found.
Symptoms
The symptoms of ASD can vary widely, but some common signs, which typically develop by age 3, include:
- Difficulty with social interactions such as making and maintaining friendships
- Limited eye contact
- Limited emotional response (not smiling at parents)
- Delayed speech or language development
- Limited use of nonverbal communications
- Repetitive speech or body movements such as hand-slapping and finger-flipping, “stimming,” short for self-stimulating behaviours.
- Sensitivity to sensory stimuli, such as sounds or textures
Treatment options
Treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life as there is no known cure for ASD. It typically involves a combination of therapies such as applied behaviour analysis, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy. Applied behaviour analysis, which uses positive reinforcement to promote behavioural change, can help individuals with ASD to reduce challenging behaviours and learn social skills. Speech and language therapy can also be helpful in improving communication skills, and occupational therapy can help individuals with ASD develop skills for daily living and coping with sensory sensitivities. Medications are sometimes used to treat related symptoms, such as anxiety or hyperactivity.
Family involvement is also a critical component of treatment, as family members can learn strategies for supporting their loved one with ASD and improving their quality of life.
When to see a doctor
Children develop certain skills and abilities at their own pace. However, if you are concerned your child’s development or behaviour, consult with your doctor. ASD is typically diagnosed in early childhood, and early diagnosis and intervention can make a significant difference in outcomes. A doctor or other healthcare professional can perform a developmental evaluation and refer a child to specialists for further evaluation if needed. With appropriate support and resources, individuals with ASD can lead fulfilling lives and reach their full potential.
Sources and references consulted:
Medic Presents: www.medicpresents.com/infographics/92_health-tips-for-parents-autism-spectrum-disorder-asd-in-children
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html
World Health Organization: www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders
Myth: The MMR vaccine causes autism.
Fact: The MMR vaccine does not cause autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The first dose of the MMR vaccine is given between 12 and 15 months of age and ASD is often diagnosed between 18 and 30 months of age. This timing has led some to believe that the MMR vaccine causes ASD. However, ASD starts before a baby is born and before the signs of developmental delays, usually around 2 years old, are apparent.
Other people think the MMR vaccine causes ASD because of a 1998 study published in the Lancet, which received significant publicity. The CDC reports that since being published, 10 of the 13 authors have withdrawn their support of the study, the lead author of the study was found guilty of professional misconduct, the Lancet retracted the 1998 article, and the lead author lost his license to practice medicine in the United Kingdom. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 20 reputable scientific studies have been completed comparing thousands of children and a relationship between the MMR vaccine and ASD has not been found.
For more information on the MMR vaccine, visit the CDC website.
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