Breast cancer: What you need to know | 4 min read

Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers globally, affecting millions of people each year, including in South Africa. While it predominantly affects women, it’s important to note that men can also develop breast cancer, though it is much rarer. Early detection and treatment significantly increase the chances of survival. This article covers frequently asked questions, symptoms to look out for, and relevant statistics for South Africa.

Common questions about breast cancer

How long can you have breast cancer without knowing?

Breast cancer can remain undetected for months or even years, especially if there are no apparent symptoms. Regular screenings are crucial for early detection, as many people only discover they have it during routine mammograms or after noticing a lump.

What happens to the body when it has breast cancer?

Breast cancer causes cells in the breast to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour. If left untreated, the tumour can spread (metastasise) to other body parts, including the lymph nodes, bones, liver, and lungs, making it more challenging to treat.

How long can someone live with breast cancer?

Survival depends on the stage of the cancer when it’s diagnosed. Many people can live long, healthy lives after early detection and treatment, with five-year survival rates being high for early-stage cancer. However, advanced or metastatic breast cancer may reduce life expectancy, though it can often be managed for years.

Can breast cancer be cured?

Yes, breast cancer can often be cured, especially when detected early, in stages 0 or 1. Treatment options, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, can help eliminate the cancer or put it into remission.

What does stage 1 breast cancer feel like?

Stage 1 breast cancer may present as a small, firm lump in the breast or under the arm, but many people do not experience any symptoms. Regular self-exams and screenings, such as mammograms, are essential for detecting it early.

Do you feel sick with breast cancer?

Breast cancer itself may not cause sickness in its early stages, but more advanced cancer can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or nausea. These can also result from treatments like chemotherapy or radiation.

How does breast cancer make a person feel?

Emotionally, breast cancer can cause anxiety, fear, and depression. Physically, people may experience pain, swelling, or changes in the breast, though many do not feel ill, especially in the early stages.

Can breast cancer be painful?

In the early stages, breast cancer is often painless. However, as the tumour grows or spreads, it may cause discomfort or pain in the breast or chest area.

How fast does breast cancer spread?

The rate at which breast cancer spreads varies. Some forms, like triple-negative breast cancer, can grow rapidly, while others may take years to develop and spread. It makes early detection key to successful treatment.

Breast cancer symptoms to look out for

Detecting breast cancer early increases the chances of successful treatment. Here are some symptoms to be aware of:

• Lump in the breast or underarm: A hard, painless lump is one of the earliest signs.
• Changes in breast size or shape: Unexplained alterations in the size or contour of the breast can indicate a problem.
• Skin changes: Dimpling, redness, or thickening of the skin on the breast may resemble the texture of an orange peel.
• Nipple changes: This includes inversion (where the nipple turns inward) or unusual discharge, mainly if it’s bloody.
• Pain: While early breast cancer is often painless, more advanced cases can cause discomfort in the breast or surrounding areas.

Breast cancer in South Africa: Statistics and impact

Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women in South Africa. According to the National Cancer Registry, roughly 8,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year. In South Africa, breast cancer accounts for about 1 in 27 female cancers. Although men are at much lower risk, breast cancer can also affect them, particularly as they age.

Urban areas in South Africa typically have better access to screening programmes, such as mammograms, but rural areas often face challenges accessing these services. It can lead to late-stage diagnoses, which reduces the likelihood of successful treatment. Raising awareness and improving healthcare access are crucial steps in combating breast cancer.

Breast cancer in men

Although breast cancer is much rarer in men, it can still occur. Men have a small amount of breast tissue, and cancer can develop there, particularly in older men. Symptoms in men are similar to those in women, including lumps, skin changes, and nipple discharge. Because men are less likely to suspect breast cancer, they often delay seeking treatment, which can result in more advanced cases being diagnosed.

Conclusion

Breast cancer is a significant health concern in South Africa and worldwide, affecting both women and men, although women are at far greater risk. Awareness of the symptoms and regular screenings, such as mammograms, are critical to early detection and better outcomes. Addressing healthcare disparities and encouraging people to seek regular check-ups in South Africa can help improve survival rates. Recognising the signs, understanding the risks, and taking action early can save lives.