Diabetes and its impact on oral and dental health | 3 min read

Diabetes is a major health issue in South Africa, with over 4.5 million adults affected, accounting for nearly 12% of the population. While most people understand the impact of diabetes on organs like the heart and kidneys, the link between diabetes and oral health is less well-known. Yet, for those living with diabetes, oral care is essential to overall health, as diabetes can increase the risk of serious gum disease, infections, and other dental issues.

How diabetes affects oral health

• Gum disease: People with diabetes are up to three times more likely to develop periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease. High blood sugar levels create a perfect environment for harmful bacteria to thrive in the mouth, which can cause inflammation and infection in the gums.
• Dry mouth: Known as xerostomia, dry mouth is common in diabetics and results from reduced saliva production. This can lead to soreness, difficulty swallowing, increased cavities, and mouth ulcers.
• Oral infections: Diabetics have a weaker immune system, which makes them more prone to fungal infections like thrush and slows down the healing process of mouth sores and injuries.

Furthermore, there is a two-way relationship between diabetes and oral health. Periodontitis and other gum infections can make it harder to control blood sugar levels, which exacerbates diabetic symptoms and increases the risk of further oral health complications.

Oral health tips for people with diabetes

Daily dental care

• Brush and floss regularly: Brushing twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and flossing daily helps remove plaque and prevent bacteria build-up. This is crucial for diabetics who are at higher risk of infections.
• Use an alcohol-free mouthwash: Alcohol-based mouthwashes can worsen dry mouth. Instead, an alcohol-free mouthwash can help keep bacteria levels low without causing further dryness.

Blood sugar management

• Control blood sugar levels: Well-managed diabetes helps to minimise the risk of gum disease and other oral health complications. Keeping blood glucose levels within the target range is important to reduce bacterial growth in the mouth.
• Monitor oral health changes: Look for signs of gum disease, such as bleeding, swelling, or receding gums, and visit your dentist if these occur.

Regular dental check-ups

• Schedule dental visits at least twice a year: Regular check-ups and cleanings help detect potential problems early, allowing prompt treatment and avoiding complications.
• Inform your dentist about your diabetes: Your dentist should be aware of your diabetes and any medications, as this can affect treatment plans.

Nutritional advice for dental and oral health

• Maintain a balanced diet: Choose foods rich in vitamins and minerals, such as leafy greens, fruits, and whole grains. These nutrients can strengthen teeth and gums, supporting overall oral health.
• Limit sugary foods and drinks: High sugar intake can increase plaque and exacerbate dental problems. Opt for low-sugar snacks like nuts, fruits, and vegetables, which are also beneficial for blood glucose management.
• Drink water regularly: Staying hydrated combats dry mouth and flushes away food particles, reducing the risk of decay and infection.
• Include calcium and vitamin D: Calcium-rich foods (such as dairy and leafy greens) and vitamin D supplements can strengthen bones, including those that support teeth.

Consistent care and a balanced diet can help maintain good oral health with diabetes. In South Africa, awareness of this issue is growing, but more resources and accessible dental services are still needed. Simple steps can make a significant difference, helping South Africans with diabetes improve their overall health and prevent severe dental complications.