Meningitis: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention | 3 min read

What is Meningitis?

Meningitis is the swelling of the protective membranes enveloping the brain and spinal cord. Typically triggered by bacterial or viral infections in the fluid surrounding these areas, it can also result from injuries, cancer, specific medications, and other infections.

Meningitis strikes fear because it can swiftly ravage the central nervous system. The inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes enveloping the brain and spinal cord, characterises this condition. While these membranes typically shield the delicate nervous tissue, they become a battleground for pathogens when inflamed.

Types of Meningitis

1. Bacterial Meningitis

Among the various strains, bacterial meningitis is the most nefarious. Its swift progression can lead to fatalities within hours. Culprits like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitides strike terror due to their potential to cause widespread outbreaks. Vaccinations against these pathogens form crucial shields of defence.

2. Viral Meningitis

In contrast, though more prevalent, viral meningitis often operates in the shadows. Enteroviruses, including those responsible for polio and hepatitis A, lurk as common culprits. While typically less severe than their bacterial counterparts, they demand vigilance and medical attention.

3. Fungal Meningitis

Fungal meningitis, a rare occurrence, underscores the adaptability of pathogens. Inhaled fungal spores, seemingly innocuous, can unleash havoc, necessitating specialized treatments.

4. Parasitic Meningitis

Parasitic meningitis is the least encountered, yet it is not to be underestimated. It emerges from the shadows of tropical climates. Protozoan parasites harboured in contaminated waters present a chilling reminder of nature’s intricate web of threats.

Risk factors

Understanding the nuanced interplay of risk factors unveils the vulnerability to meningitis:

• Age: Infants, the elderly, and individuals with compromised immune systems stand at the forefront of susceptibility.

• Vaccination status: A lack of immunisation forms chinks in the armour against bacterial onslaughts.

• Environmental exposure: Close quarters, like college dormitories or military barracks, breed opportunities for transmission.

• Travel history: Venturing into regions rife with pathogens adds layers of risk.

• Pregnancy: Maternal immunity fluctuations during pregnancy pose challenges.

Navigating complications

Left unchecked, meningitis can wreak havoc beyond the initial assault:

• Brain damage and developmental delays haunt survivors.
• Hearing loss echoes long after the infection recedes.
• Kidney failure.
• Anxiety and depression cast shadows over mental well-being.

Diagnosis and treatment

• From lumbar punctures to digital imaging, an array of tools helps pinpoint the culprit.
• Antibiotics are stalwart guardians against bacterial foes, while antiviral agents wage war on their viral counterparts. Symptomatic relief and inflammation attenuation form essential adjuncts to treatment regimens.

Preventing meningitis demands a multifaceted approach

• Adhering to immunization schedules erects robust barriers.
• Handwashing and respiratory etiquette fortify defences against microbial invaders.
• Steering clear of high-risk locales and situations bolsters safety measures.

If you experience persistent or severe symptoms, find and consult an Intercare doctor near you or consult with a doctor online for proper evaluation and treatment.

Frequently Asked Questions:

Q:  What are the long-term impacts of meningitis?

A: Roughly 20% of bacterial meningitis survivors may experience lasting effects. These effects encompass issues such as hearing impairment, seizures, weakened limbs, vision problems, speech and language difficulties, memory challenges, communication hurdles, and even scarring or limb loss due to sepsis.

Q: What is the duration of the treatment?
A. The suggested duration of treatment for uncomplicated meningitis differs based on the causative agent. For cases caused by S. pneumoniae, the recommended therapy spans 10 to 14 days; for Hib, seven to 10 days; and for N. meningitis, five to seven days. In instances of GBS meningitis, treatment typically extends from 14 to 21 days and may vary depending on the presence of cerebritis.

Q: How do you check meningitis at home?

A: There are several important signs that you can look out for. Seek medical attention if you or your child experience:

• Severe headaches*
• Stiff or painful neck*
• Fever.
• Back pain.
• Flu-like symptoms.
• Rash anywhere on the body.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Mental confusion
• Extreme drowsiness.
• Eyes sensitive to light.
• Seizures.

*Together, these symptoms are hallmark characteristics of meningitis.