What is PCOS?
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects females, particularly during their reproductive years. It involves irregular ovulation or an absence of ovulation, which may result in missed or infrequent periods, elevated levels of male hormones (androgens), and multiple small cysts on the ovaries. However, not everyone with PCOS has cysts.
PCOS is one of the leading causes of infertility but also affects many other areas of health, including weight, skin, mental well-being, and long-term risk for conditions like diabetes and heart disease. Early diagnosis and proactive management can improve quality of life and help prevent complications.
Common symptoms of PCOS
Symptoms vary and may change over time. Some of the most common signs include:
- Irregular or missed menstrual periods.
- Excess facial or body hair (hirsutism).
- Severe acne or oily skin.
- Thinning scalp hair or male-pattern baldness.
- Weight gain, especially around the abdomen.
- Difficulty falling pregnant.
- Dark patches of skin, especially around the neck or underarms.
Not all individuals will experience every symptom, which can make PCOS challenging to diagnose.
Causes and risk factors
The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but several factors may play a role:
- Hormonal imbalance: Higher-than-normal levels of androgens disrupt the menstrual cycle and ovulation.
- Insulin resistance: Many people with PCOS have insulin resistance, which increases insulin levels and may boost androgen production.
- Inflammation: Chronic low-grade inflammation has been linked to higher androgen levels.
- Genetics: PCOS often runs in families, suggesting a hereditary component.
Diagnosis and tests
There is no single test to diagnose PCOS. Your healthcare provider may use a combination of:
- Medical history and symptom review.
- Physical examination, including weight, blood pressure, and signs of excess hair or acne.
- Blood tests to measure hormone levels, cholesterol, and blood sugar.
- Pelvic ultrasound to check for cysts or changes in the ovaries.
A diagnosis is typically made when at least two of the following three features are present: irregular ovulation, high androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries.
Managing PCOS
While PCOS cannot be cured, its symptoms can be effectively managed with a tailored treatment plan. This often includes:
Lifestyle changes
- Healthy eating: A balanced diet rich in whole foods, lean protein, and low in refined sugars can help regulate insulin.
- Regular exercise: Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity, assists with weight control, and boosts mood.
- Weight management: Losing even a small amount of weight (5–10%) can restore menstrual regularity and improve fertility.
Medication
- Hormonal birth control to regulate periods and reduce acne and excess hair.
- Anti-androgen medications to counteract the effects of male hormones.
- Metformin or Glucophage to manage insulin resistance.
- Fertility treatments for those struggling to conceive, including ovulation induction medications.
When to seek help
If you have irregular periods, trouble conceiving, or notice symptoms like excessive hair growth or severe acne, it’s a good idea to consult a healthcare provider. PCOS is manageable, and early intervention can help protect your health in the long run.
If you’re concerned about symptoms related to PCOS, it’s best to speak to a qualified healthcare professional. Find an Intercare provider and book your appointment online.
Reviewed: 2025
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